motor+learning+skills

Motor skill definition //  A learned, co-ordinated activity which achieves a goal. //   How do we know we have learnt something? //  Key points   // //  Pre-determined goal   // //  Progression   // //  Characteristics   // __ Skill classification   __ Three different ways to group skills.  ** 1. **** Fine or Gross  **  ** 2. **** Discrete, Continuous, Serial  **  ** 3. **** Open or Closed  ** Fine motor skill includes // small muscle groups, hence fine tasks // e.g.   //   handwriting   // //  darts   // //  marbles   // Gross motor skill involves // large muscle groups and/or the whole body // e.g.   //   swimming   // //  somersault   // //  boxing   // Sports or actions with both fine and gross? //  Routine on a beam involves large muscle groups for movement, but fine movements to maintain balance and aesthetics**. **  //  **   Discrete, Continuous and serial    ** Discrete motor skill involves // a distinct start and end point // e.g.   //   throwing   // //  punching   // //  a kick   // Continuous motor skill involves // a skill that has no distinct beginning or end // e.g.   //   Dribble in basketball   // //  Running   // //  Skiing   // Serial motor skill involves // a series of discrete skills performed in a defined order to perform an apparently continuous skill // e.g.   //   starting a car   // //  serving in tennis   // //  a vault tin gymnastics (ie. Run up, hurdle step, take off, pre-flight, support, post-flight, landing)   // **  Closed or open   ** Closed motor skill is one in which // the performer is in complete control of the sequence and timing of the skill // Closed skills are mostly internally paced/controlled e.g.   //   archery   // //  a golf swing   // //  handstand in gymnastics   // Open motor skill is one in which // the timing depends on factors the performers cannot control e.g. opposition // Open skills are mostly externally paced e.g.   //   tackling in rugby   // //  a stroke in tennis   // //  sailing   // Think of your own sport you play what does it group into? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________   __  Phases of learning  __ 1. ** Cognitive Phase  ** Also known as the planning phase Main feature of this phase? //  To find out what is required to perform the skill, the sequencing and timing of sub-routines   // To pass on to the next phase the learner needs too: 1// to see the skill performed // 2 // knowledge on how the skill is performed // 3 // immediate feedback // 4 // detailed feedback // 2. ** Associative Phase ** Practice phase Main feature of this phase? //  Practising the skills associated with the task. Learning to sequence and time movements  // Amount of time spent in this stage of learning depends on: 1. // how complex the activity is // 2. // past experiences and existing skills // 3. // motivation of the performer // 4. // quality of feedback // 3.** Autonomous Phase ** Automatic, or perfection stage Main features of this phase? //  The skill is performed without “thinking” and with very few errors. This frees up the nervous system to deal with other factors e.g. strategy  // How can you tell you are at this stage? //  The skill will appear effortless and controlled. They can dictate the moves of the opposition via their skill level. //   Advantages of this stage?  1. // less nervous system (mental) control  //  2. // less likely to be distracted e.g. by a crowd  //  3. // speed and efficiency is increased  //  4. // you can began to dictate to an oppenent  // **  Massed and distributed practice    ** Massed practice is // performing the skill over and over without rest until it is achieved // Distributed practice is // performing the skill with rest sessions in between, until the skill is learned. //     What could be the risks associated with mass practice? //  Fatigue, poor technique, boredom, injury, frustration   // However massed practice can benefit certain people, these being: 1. // highly motivated individuals // 2. // low energy demand tasks // 3. simple skills e.g. throwing Though distributed practice is often preferred method because:  1. // in the early stages of learning  //  2. // energy demands are high  //  3. // skill is complex  //  4. // performer is not motivated  //  5. // task is boring  // __ Types of instructions  __ **  Whole and part learning   ** Whole learning is // when the skill is taught in its entirely i.e. the whole movement // Part learning is // when the skill is broken down into its associated parts or sub-routines. These parts are learned. //     Break down a skill in your own sport? E.g. volleyball “serve” -______________________________________________     -______________________________________________      -______________________________________________      -______________________________________________      -______________________________________________      -______________________________________________      Positives of part learning? //  The performer can learn each key element and focus on an individual component as part of training(e.g. breathing technique in swimming)   // What are the advantages of whole learning //  Good for simple skills that cannot be broken down into parts. // ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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